Communication is transactional, which means that the elements in communication (1) are always changing, (2) are interdependent (each influences the other), (3) depend on the individual for their meaning and effect, and (4) each person in the communication act is both speaker and listener (Watzlawick, 1977, 1978; Watzlawick, Beavin, & Jackson, 1967). See Figure 1.2.
1. Communication is an ever-changing process. It’s an ongoing activity; all the elements of communication are in a state of constant change. You’re constantly changing, the people with whom you’re communicating are changing, and your environment is changing. Nothing in communication ever remains static.
2. Each element relates integrally to every other element. Each element exists in relation to the others. For example, there can be no source without a receiver. There can be no message without a source. Because of this interdependency, a change in any one element of the process produces changes in the other elements. For example, consider the change that might occur if you’re talking with a group of your friends and your mother enters the group. This change in “audience” will lead to other changes. Perhaps you or your friends will adjust what you’re saying or how you say it. Regardless of what change is introduced, other changes will be produced as a result.
3. Communication is influenced by a multitude of factors. For example, the way you act in a communication situation will naturally depend on the immediate context, which in turn is influenced by your history, past experiences, attitudes, cultural beliefs, self-image, future expectations, emotions, and a host of related issues. One implication of this is that actions and reactions in communication are determined not only by what is said, but also by the way each person interprets what is said. Two people listening to the same message will often derive two very different meanings; although the words and symbols are the same, each person interprets them differently because each is influenced differently by their history, present emotions, and so on.
4. Each person in an interaction is both sender and receiver. Speaker and listener send each other messages at the same time. You send messages when you speak but also when you listen. Even your “refusal to communicate” is itself a communication.
1. Communication is an ever-changing process. It’s an ongoing activity; all the elements of communication are in a state of constant change. You’re constantly changing, the people with whom you’re communicating are changing, and your environment is changing. Nothing in communication ever remains static.
2. Each element relates integrally to every other element. Each element exists in relation to the others. For example, there can be no source without a receiver. There can be no message without a source. Because of this interdependency, a change in any one element of the process produces changes in the other elements. For example, consider the change that might occur if you’re talking with a group of your friends and your mother enters the group. This change in “audience” will lead to other changes. Perhaps you or your friends will adjust what you’re saying or how you say it. Regardless of what change is introduced, other changes will be produced as a result.3. Communication is influenced by a multitude of factors. For example, the way you act in a communication situation will naturally depend on the immediate context, which in turn is influenced by your history, past experiences, attitudes, cultural beliefs, self-image, future expectations, emotions, and a host of related issues. One implication of this is that actions and reactions in communication are determined not only by what is said, but also by the way each person interprets what is said. Two people listening to the same message will often derive two very different meanings; although the words and symbols are the same, each person interprets them differently because each is influenced differently by their history, present emotions, and so on.
4. Each person in an interaction is both sender and receiver. Speaker and listener send each other messages at the same time. You send messages when you speak but also when you listen. Even your “refusal to communicate” is itself a communication.
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