image-confirming strategies Communication techniques to reinforce your positive perceptions about yourself.
implicit personality theory A theory of personality, complete with rules or systems, that each individual maintains and through which the individual perceives others. Bring to your mindful state your implicit personality theory to subject your perceptions and conclusions to logical analysis.
impression formation The processes involved in forming impressions of others.
impression management The processes you go through to communicate the impression you want others to have of you.
index An extensional device used to emphasize the notion of nonidentity (no two things are the same) and symbolized by a mental subscript—for example, politician 1 is not politician 2.
index fund A mutual fund holding shares in proportion to their representation in a market index such as the S&P 500.
indirect messages Use indirect messages when a more direct style might prove insulting or offensive; but be aware that indirectness can create communication problems because indirect statements are easier to misunderstand than direct ones.
indiscrimination A misevaluation caused by categorizing people, events, or objects into a particular class and responding to them only as members of the class; a failure to recognize that each individual is unique; a failure to apply the index. Avoid indiscrimination by treating each situation and each person as unique (when possible) even when they’re covered by the same label or name. Index your key concepts.
individualist culture A culture in which the individual’s goals and preferences are given greater importance than the group’s. Opposed to collectivist culture.
indulgence A cultural orientation that emphasizes the gratification of desires, a focus on having fun and enjoying life.
inevitability A principle of communication stating that communication cannot be avoided; all behavior in an interactional setting is communication.
inferential statement A statement that can be made by anyone, is not limited to what is observed, and can be made at any time. Opposed to factual statement.
initial public offerings (IPOs) Stock issued to the public for the first time by a formerly privately owned company.
inside information Nonpublic knowledge about a corporation possessed by corporate officers, major owners, or other individuals with privileged access to information about a firm.
intensional orientation A point of view in which primary consideration is given to the way things are labeled and only secondary consideration (if any) to the world of experience. Avoid intensional orientation by responding to things first and to labels second; the way a person is talked about is not the best measure of who that person really is. Opposed to extensional orientation.
intensivists board-certified physicians who are further certified in critical care medicine and who direct and provide care for very ill patients in critical care units.
intercultural communication Communication that takes place between or among persons of different cultures or persons who have different cultural beliefs, values, or ways of behaving. When communicating interculturally, become mindful of (1) the differences between yourself and culturally different individuals, (2) the differences within the other cultural group, (3) cultural differences in meanings for both verbal and nonverbal signals, and (4) different cultural rules and customs. Communicate interculturally with appropriate openness, empathy, positiveness, immediacy, interaction management, expressiveness, and other orientation.
interpersonal communication Communication between two persons or among a small group of persons and distinguished from public or mass communication; communication of a personal nature and distinguished from impersonal communication; communication between or among intimates or those involved in a close relationship; often, dyadic and small group communication in general.
interviewing A particular form of interpersonal communication in which two persons interact largely in a question-and-answer format for the purpose of achieving specific goals.
intrapersonal communication Communication with yourself.
investment Commitment of current resources in the expectation of deriving greater resources in the future.
investment bankers Firms specializing in the sale of new securities to the public, typically by underwriting the issue.
investment company Firm managing funds for investors. An investment company may manage several mutual funds.
irreversibility A principle of communication holding that communication cannot be reversed; once something has been communicated, it cannot be uncommunicated.
implicit personality theory A theory of personality, complete with rules or systems, that each individual maintains and through which the individual perceives others. Bring to your mindful state your implicit personality theory to subject your perceptions and conclusions to logical analysis.
impression formation The processes involved in forming impressions of others.
impression management The processes you go through to communicate the impression you want others to have of you.
index An extensional device used to emphasize the notion of nonidentity (no two things are the same) and symbolized by a mental subscript—for example, politician 1 is not politician 2.
index fund A mutual fund holding shares in proportion to their representation in a market index such as the S&P 500.
indirect messages Use indirect messages when a more direct style might prove insulting or offensive; but be aware that indirectness can create communication problems because indirect statements are easier to misunderstand than direct ones.
indiscrimination A misevaluation caused by categorizing people, events, or objects into a particular class and responding to them only as members of the class; a failure to recognize that each individual is unique; a failure to apply the index. Avoid indiscrimination by treating each situation and each person as unique (when possible) even when they’re covered by the same label or name. Index your key concepts.
individualist culture A culture in which the individual’s goals and preferences are given greater importance than the group’s. Opposed to collectivist culture.
indulgence A cultural orientation that emphasizes the gratification of desires, a focus on having fun and enjoying life.
inevitability A principle of communication stating that communication cannot be avoided; all behavior in an interactional setting is communication.
inferential statement A statement that can be made by anyone, is not limited to what is observed, and can be made at any time. Opposed to factual statement.
initial public offerings (IPOs) Stock issued to the public for the first time by a formerly privately owned company.
inside information Nonpublic knowledge about a corporation possessed by corporate officers, major owners, or other individuals with privileged access to information about a firm.
intensional orientation A point of view in which primary consideration is given to the way things are labeled and only secondary consideration (if any) to the world of experience. Avoid intensional orientation by responding to things first and to labels second; the way a person is talked about is not the best measure of who that person really is. Opposed to extensional orientation.
intensivists board-certified physicians who are further certified in critical care medicine and who direct and provide care for very ill patients in critical care units.
intercultural communication Communication that takes place between or among persons of different cultures or persons who have different cultural beliefs, values, or ways of behaving. When communicating interculturally, become mindful of (1) the differences between yourself and culturally different individuals, (2) the differences within the other cultural group, (3) cultural differences in meanings for both verbal and nonverbal signals, and (4) different cultural rules and customs. Communicate interculturally with appropriate openness, empathy, positiveness, immediacy, interaction management, expressiveness, and other orientation.
interpersonal communication Communication between two persons or among a small group of persons and distinguished from public or mass communication; communication of a personal nature and distinguished from impersonal communication; communication between or among intimates or those involved in a close relationship; often, dyadic and small group communication in general.
interviewing A particular form of interpersonal communication in which two persons interact largely in a question-and-answer format for the purpose of achieving specific goals.
intrapersonal communication Communication with yourself.
investment Commitment of current resources in the expectation of deriving greater resources in the future.
investment bankers Firms specializing in the sale of new securities to the public, typically by underwriting the issue.
investment company Firm managing funds for investors. An investment company may manage several mutual funds.
irreversibility A principle of communication holding that communication cannot be reversed; once something has been communicated, it cannot be uncommunicated.
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